Latent Lust in The Last Ride Together A Study in...

The Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud (1865 – 1939) had been a tremendous cultural influence during the twentieth century, especially during its first half. Freud’s path-breaking work The Interpretation of Dreams came out in 1900, at the fag-end of the Victorian period. Subsequently, Freudian theories and ideas were employed to trace novel interpretations of pre-existing as well as newer literary texts. In the 1970s Freud’s thought was revised by Jacques Lacan from a linguistic standpoint. It was also during this time that the deconstructionist approach – the strategy employed by the poststructuralist school – was popularised by Jacques Derrida. This approach proposes to read a text against itself, bringing out its inherent†¦show more content†¦Jacque Lacan (1901 – 1981), the French Psychoanalyst who attempted to revise Freudian ideas, opines â€Å"desire is not a relation to an object but a relation to a lack†. As the Oxford Guide edited by Patricia Waugh elaborates: this â€Å"relation of being to lack†¦will inextricably be linked in its purest state (i.e. when no obstacle is placed on its course) to the drive toward destruction – is not the best way to possess your object to destroy it, so that it won’t escape you?† In another Browningian monologue ‘Porphyria’s Lover‘, the speaker does choke his beloved to death in order to possess her with a finality. Even as the speaker in â€Å"The Last Ride Together† does no such thing, he nevertheless wishes for annihilation of the world: â€Å"Who knows but the world may end to-night?† (22) The speaker himself must know at the back of his mind that the world is most unlikely to end ‘to-night’. So this is an unconscious wish rather than a proposition. The ‘id’ and ‘pleasure principle’ constantly run beneath the surface. The flow of eros is palpable throughout the third stanza. Even the western cloud is â€Å"billowy-bosomed†. The beloved is now â€Å"looking and loving best† to the speaker. How can the beloved â€Å"love best† now? After all, she did not return his love. One may think that this â€Å"loving† is predominantly physical, as the narrator goes on to say

Animal Welfare Free Essays

Nicole Stengel ENG 122-009 Lawless, Caprice 04/ 11/12 Thesis Confined animal feeding operations (CAFO’s) are more commonly known as factory farms in the United States and are this country’s primary source of animal food products. Mass production of meat in The U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Welfare or any similar topic only for you Order Now has continued to increase industrialization of itself for over the course of a century. As technology within factory farms advances, efficiency increases; profit is the primary goal in mind for these industrial owners. In the 19th century, industrialization of CAFO’s thrived in efficiency and profits with new procedures that divide labor duties, cut expenses and decreased interaction between workers and livestock (Purcell, 61). The most primary difference between CAFO’s and local farming is that CAFO’s are corporately owned, confining hundreds of thousands of animals in small spaces at one time, reducing labor expenses and necessity for land ownership (An Encyclopedia of Issues). Local farms are more traditional having an appropriate ratio of livestock to workers. These livestock are less likely to suffer from neglect, abuse or unethical slaughter procedures. The tactics of meat production within CAFO’s such as the forklift and assembly lines, as well as controlled growth rates are least concerned with animal welfare and most concerned with profit as well as production efficiency. The establishers of this industry have been able to increase profits substantially by technological advancements as such devices and the use of growth hormones in livestock to obtain a fortune of income for themselves. Unfortunately, the fortune the establishers continue to earn is handed to them at a detrimental cost to three areas of importance: a) Animal Suffering b) Consumer Health c) Environmental Hazards Animal Suffering Slaughter processes are very brutal within CAFO’s and are usually long lasting in terms of suffering. CAFO livestock are exposed to neglect, abuse, physical mutilation and psychological trauma. Most livestock agriculture within CAFO’s are so closely compacted next to each other in tiny cages, they catch diseases from living in each other’s bodily wastes(In-text note). They live in sickly environmental conditions, they do not leave their cages and never see the light of day-except, perhaps when being transported to slaughter. One procedure that occurs prior to slaughter common in CAFO’s is known as, â€Å"stunning† where cows are shot by a metal bolt to the head. Hogs are stricken with an electrical jolt. This, in all is to shock the livestock subject unconscious. However, terrified cows and hogs who attempt inhibition of this process are often left partially, or even completely conscious. Nevertheless, meat production does not slow down at the sake of one subject. The subject will be preceded to slaughter regardless of whether it is conscious or not (Freeman, 66). Chickens, however, were exempted from the Humane Slaughter Act from the stunning process. Instead, they are paralyzed by the dragging of their heads along underwater pools with electrical charges. After they are paralyzed (and fully conscious), they are continued through the slaughter process on machinery that boils them alive and/or chops their heads off consecutively on a fast paced line (Freeman, 78). Calves are kept confined in small crates tied up by their limbs and necks to keep them from moving in order to keep their muscles premature and their meat tender. Meanwhile, their diets are maintained deficient in iron to keep the color of their skin pale. The harsh conditions exposed to calves are willfully condemned upon them by farm operators as a mechanism to obtain a specific taste in the meat. It is not surprising that when compared to all diseases that spread among livestock in CAFO’s, calves are the most susceptible to fatality. Calve deaths range from 15-20% in most â€Å"successful† factory farm operations. Other than iron deficiency and confinement, this fatality for calves is also caused by their stress of separation from their mothers (Mason 25). `CAFO’s also process animals are through â€Å"skinning machinery† at fast paces. (Purcell, 71). Regardless as to whether the animal is conscious or not, the fast paces of machinery such as this leaves no time between subjects for any concern for animal welfare. Costs to Public Health On a secondary note, mass production of meat is linked to the spread of salmonellosis and mad cow disease to consumers (Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics). It also contributes to a lack of resistance to antibiotic bacterial infections in consumers because factory farmed animals are fed high doses of antibiotics. Heart disease and stroke are also associated with diets high in meat intake (Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics), especially that of poor quality. Controlled growth rates by the use of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone in livestock also play a role in public health hazards, in addition to mechanisms for profit and industrialization. The average U. S. citizen consumes 607 pounds of animal products yearly. Many nutritionists believe USDA Dietary Guideline Advisory Committee to be excessive in protein anyway (Mason, 113). Animal sources of protein are rich in cholesterol and polyunsaturated fat. Consider this, The United States is one of the most obese countries in the world. Our food guide pyramid is much different from other parts of the world with nutrition habits clinically proven to be more beneficial, such as the Mediterranean Diet. According to Andrea Cespedes in a comparison between the two pyramids, protein portions are much larger for a daily value recommendation on the USDA chart when compared to that of the Mediterranean’s. Nuts and seeds, as well as beans, are grouped with meats, poultry and fish. Nuts and seeds are not foundation foods for the USDA pyramid† (Cespedes). Fish are rich in polyunsaturated fat, an essential fatty acid to the body. It is not surprising that the USDA Food Pyramid puts a stronger emphasis on animal proteins than the Mediterranean Pyra mid, requiring some of them to be served in school lunch programs-many USDA Reps are financially tied to the meat industry! In 1998, the USDA elected six representatives out of eleven onto the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Freeman, 98). These fattening meats infused with growth hormones (testosterone or estrogen) that are recommended for children may be a reasonable explanation for peculiar bra sizes and premature sweating in some young girls. Technological upgrades and new mechanisms of industrialization also play a large role in the CAFO costs to consumer health. Upgrades are used to cut expenses and to increase product quantities in order to increase profits for the industries. Purcell demonstrates a strong example of this concept. †¦Mechanization of slaughterhouse facilities, which made killing a rapid, iecemeal, impersonal process. The knocker alone would confront live animals and quickly send them down the line as immobile carouses. Divided labor meant a series of discrete and relatively simple tasks for the largely unskilled and poorly paid immigrant workers (Purcell, 62). Procedures as such, indeed are the mechanisms that make the mass production of meat a multi-billion dollar industry accounting for un just and dangerous working conditions for slaughterhouse workers and hazards to the health for consumers of these products. Costs to the Environment On a third note, CAFO’s inflict a variety of hazards to the environment. Animal waste is absorbed into the ground and distributes pollution to water. The consumption of electricity in CAFO’s is extremely demanding. Greenhouse gases that emit into the air from these establishments warm the earth deteriorating the atmosphere. According to the Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics, over 8 billion animals are slaughtered in CAFO’s every year. This generates 1. 4 billion tons of manure-which is 130 times more than humans produce in an equal time period. Excessive animal waste seeps into waters polluting living environments for fish and the water sources the public drinks from. Methane is a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide and is most commonly produced by farm animals (Brickman). Excessive emissions from gases as such heat the earth, destroying ecosystems and lead us in the direction of global warming. Fossil fuel is another leading cause of Global Warming (Campbell, 1239) and is released in excess from high energy usage of CAFO’s. Although J. Patrick Boyle, President and CEO of the American Meat Institute (AMI) assured Wayne Pacelle, President and CEO of the Humane Society of the United States (AHSUS), â€Å"The AMI is an ethically appropriate organization as the entire establishment is committed to the welfare of animals,† evidence provided by Pacelle supported that CAFO livestock are beaten and tortured to death (qtd in Clemmit. ) According to Pacelle, from his testimony before Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture in 2008, a staff member of the AHSUS had been andomly selected to investigate the Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Co. in Southern California under-cover as a factory worker. Pacelle had not been surprised by the report he had received back from the investigator. He filmed workers ramming cows with the blades of a forklift, jabbing them in the eyes, applying painful electric shocks to sensitive areas, dragging them with chains pulled by heavy machinery and torturing them with a high pressure water hose to stimulate drowning, all in attempts to force crippled animals to walk to slaughter. Shortly after this investigation, AHSUS discovered, â€Å"Hallmark/Westland had been previously cited for mishandling animals. Incidents as such, accounting for animal abuse and suffering are common among CAFO’s across the United States and it is clear the USDA and the AMI could strive for a higher quality conditions of life for livestock. The AMI is not concerned with life quality-only industrialization efficiency. The USDA does not hold regulatory requirements firm enough to regulate adequate life quality for livestock in CAFO’s. J. Patrick Boyle of the AMI claims, â€Å"The AMI seek not only to meet the regulatory requirements but to exceed them† (Qtd. in Clemmitt)). Unfortunately, USDA does not regulate frequently enough to ensure such a deal. Most commonly, the USDA is aware of animal suffering and inadequate living conditions provided for them. The AHSUS investigator reported that, during his undercover investigation, an agent from the USDA visited the establishment. He claimed, â€Å"the agent was present twice daily in the living area-which he merely noted animals who could not stand yet approved the rest for slaughter. It may have been appropriate for the USDA representative to investigate these animals in greater depth after the sighting of sick and injured livestock. It is clear that the responsibility for animal welfare should not be left in hands of the AMI or the USDA-their standards for animal welfare are not adequate enough. The AMI has far too many animals to care-take each one individuall y and the USDA is not present frequently enough to regulate already low standards. After all, the primary responsibility of the USDA is food, not animal welfare. Livestock agriculture is in dire need of regulatory welfare requirements that will protect their well being adequately instead of minimally. In addition, it also needs inspectors who will enforce these regulations firmly as the AMI is solely in the business for the sake of profit; not animal welfare. As of now, regulatory inspections of CAFO’s are not performed with the carefulness necessary to ensure a quality way of life for livestock. J. Patrick Boyle of the AMI stands that the meat industry provides adequate living for livestock and there is no need for additional welfare standards within CAFO’s. Proven numerous times, requirements are often not met and regulators are dis-concerned with the matter. Something more must be done to increase animal welfare requirements for livestock agriculture. Conclusion Establishers of CAFO’s are only concerned with industrialization and profit; their livestock is abused, neglected and they suffer slow, painful deaths. Livestock growth control is another method of industrialization, deigned for profit at the cost of health for animals and consumers. CAFO’s exhibit severe environmental hazards such as global warming from greenhouse gases and pollution from animal use in addition to excess animal waste. Low quality meat-a product of mass production spreads diseases. It is the responsibility of USDA affiliates to regulate these conditions. However, this responsibility should be taken far more seriously by increase of welfare requirements and inspections that are performed more frequently as well as efficiently. How to cite Animal Welfare, Papers

Business Law for Engineering Education - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutt theBusiness Law for Engineering Education. Answer: Introduction A contract is a written or an expressed agreement between parties to perform or to provide goods or services. Some of the elements of a contract include an offer, acceptance, consideration, mental and age capability, intent, and legal enforceable terms and conditions Under Singapore Commercial Law Chapter 8. In other words, a contract gets enforced when both the parties promised to do something, supports their promise with the valuable thing; both are of sound mind and intend to perform what they have agreed on under Chapter 8. Commonly, the contract is a written document signed by both parties. Other than that, there are also other forms of contracts that are considered as enforceable. Others are not enforceable and are applicable only if the court determines the responsibility on the part of either party (SingaporeLaw.sg. 2015). Because a contract is an integral part of the business, it therefore important that all parties involved in the contract understand the terms in the contra ct and the rights and duties of each party under the contract. Therefore, this paper examines the contracts between a seller and three different buyers, remedies of the buyers and legal position that each party has against Alan. In this case, Alan wanted to sell a Business Law book that he previously used in his higher education to any willing buyer. He posted his offer on Facebook where he said that it is a compulsory book used in Commercial Law in Singapore. He, therefore, posted the book on his Facebook page under a condition that the money for buying the book should reach him by November 5th, 2015. Bernard one of his Facebook friends saw the post and placed his offer to buy it, but because he was to travel to abroad, he sent money that Alan received on 6th November 2015. On the other hand, Alan also got into a contract with Charleen and received payment for the same book. Lastly, Alan entered into a contract with Damien whereby Damien through short message service (SMS) made his offer on 4th November 2015 and then paid for the book when he met Alan the same day. Alan promised Damien that he will pass the book to him on 7th November 2015. However, when Damien and Bernard joined Kaplan Higher School where Alan completed his education, they found that the book was being given free by the school. They got furious. Contract Between Alan and Robert It can be said that there was a contract between Alan and Bernard because there was an offer, acceptance, and consideration. When Bernard saw the post, he agreed to buy the book, and because his intention was to buy the book as he promised Alan, he paid for it. Therefore, it was Alans time to perform his obligation as per the agreement. Under the Singapore Commercial Law chapter 8.8.8, the basic regulation is that parties involved in a contract must perform as exact as in the agreement, unless: (1) the parties that came into agreement changed terms of the contract, or (2) the acts of the party who has diverted from the contract terms are implicitly ratified by the act or non-act of the other party (SingaporeLaw.sg, 2015). If the one party did not accept the deviation from the contract terms, and the diversion has cost him a valuable thing that makes a bigger difference in the intended outcome of the contract, then the party that has deviated is said to have breached the contract. Additionally, breach of the contract makes the nonperforming party liable for the damages caused to the injured party under chapter 8.8.9 of the Singapore Commercial Law. Consequently, the injured party gets relieved of his responsibilities under the contract by the breach of the non-performing party. Conversely, for the injured parson to support his claim, he should have performed his obligations as required under the contract until the time when the breach happened and must have done nothing unreasonable to make the other party perform his part (SingaporeLaw.sg, 2015). Moreover, breach of contract may provide the injured party with a right to terminate the contract and seek damages. Further, in some cases, the contract may get terminated because of frustration. In situations where frustration is evident, the court allows the immediate termination of the contract. The courts may not be sympathetic if the actions could have been predictable and so provided for by the parties in their contract. Bernards Remedies Some of the remedies that Bernard may have in connection with this case are (1) Suit for Damages for Non-delivery. This remedy provides Bernard with an opportunity to sue Alan because of refusing to deliver the book to him after he had paid for the book. (2) Suit for Price. Under this remedy, Bernard has a right to recover the money because of non-delivery of the book. (3) Suit for Breach of Warranty. When a seller breached a warranty, or where the buyer is bound to treat the breach of a condition as a warranty breach, the buyer cannot refuse to take the goods (Campbell, 2015). Bernard may set up the violation of warranty in extinction or diminution of the cost he paid for the book, or he can sue Alan for damages for breach of warranty. Contract Between Alan and Charleen Alan and Charleen had a contract because Charleen realized that Alan was selling the book and his notes and made an oral offer on 2nd November 2015. Her intention was to learn more about Commercial Law and buying the book could have a step ahead of her. On 6th November 2015, she asked Alan if she could pay for the book then Alan nodded without paying attention to her request, thus, showing that there was an acceptance. Charleen after receiving her pocket money on the same day paid for the book, an indication that she performed her obligation as per the contract terms. Therefore, what was remaining was for Alan to complete his obligation by performing as per the terms of the contract where he was to give the book and the notes to Sharleen. The law requires both parties to perform their obligations fully as per the terms of the contract, and any party that fails to do so breach the Commercial Law. Charleen can decide to sue Alan under failure to perform and seek for damages. The measure of damages when one violates the accord is the sum that will be able to recompense the affected party for a number of losses incurred through the breach. The affected party should get restored back to the position that she would have occupied if the contract would have gone through (SingaporeLaw.sg, 2015). The injured party is also lawfully entitled to the benefit of the bargain, which is the total income that would have accumulated to them under the contract. However, the affected party is not to be put in a better position than the position she would have occupied had the contract would have succeeded. Remedies Available for Charleen Some of the remedies available for Charleen include recovering of the damages for the loss she has suffered. Under the Unfair Contract Terms and also under the Unfair Terms in the Consumer Contracts Regulation 1999, the seller is liable for any breach. In this case, if Alan is in breach of his obligations as per the contract, then Charleen is entitled to recover the damages for her loss. Additionally, under section 53 and 54 of the Sales of Goods Act supports the buyer in determining the right measure of damages for breach of warranty, while section 52 empowers the courts to take action in case of breach of a specific performance (Adams Zierdt, 2016). As observed in the case between Alan and Charleen, Charleen has the right to demand performance and if Alan will fail to perform then she can sue for breach of warranty. On the other hand, Charleen is also entitled to damages under a suit for the price. She has the right to demand her refund if Alan fails to perform his obligation. Contract Between Alan and Damien It is also evident that Alan and Damien entered into a contract after Damien heard Alan's offer from Bernard and then forwarded his intent through short message service (SMS). It shows that both parties accepted the offer. Because there was an offer, acceptance, and consideration, Damien proceeded to perform his obligated duty by paying for the book on the same day he accepted the deal. Being that he successfully accomplished his duty under the contract, he was entitled to a performance from Alan. Damien Remedies In case Alan fails to perform his duty as per the agreement, here are some of the remedies available for Damien. First, he is entitled to specific performance. In case Alan fails to perform his obligation, Damien is allowed to sue him for breach of specific performance (Martin, 2011). Second, being that Damien paid for the book together with the notes and Alan accepted payment, if Alan may not do as per the agreement, Damien is entitled to Suit for the price. He is also entitled to Suit for Damages for Repudiation of the contract before Due date (Campbell, 2015). This remedy provides Robert with an opportunity to adopt any of the two courses of action in case Alan repudiates the agreement before delivering the book to him. Damien may treat the contract as rescinded, and sue Alan for damages. Such damages may get assessed according to the prices present at the date of breach. On the other hand, Damien might also treat the contract as subsisting then wait until the delivery date. But, if Alan decided to perform as par the agreement between him and Damien, then, there shall be no damages, or else he may get responsible for the damages evaluated with regard to the prices on the day planned for delivery (Adams Zierdt, 2016). Alternative Dispute Resolutions Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a term used in referring to different ways of solving a dispute. These ways may include mediation, arbitration, and neutral evaluation. These are the alternative ways of solving a dispute without having to go to court (Man, 2016). Under mediation, a mediator who is an impartial person helps the parties to reach an acceptable resolution of the dispute. A mediator does not make a decision on the dispute but tries to make the parties talk so that they may be able to solve the problem by themselves. Moreover, arbitration involves a neutral person known as an arbitrator. He or she hears the evidence and arguments of the parties from every side then make a decision on the outcome of the disagreement (Richard Stim, 2017). This form of ADR is less formal, unlike trial. Arbitration may be in form of binding or non-binding. Binding arbitration is where parties waive their rights to trial and agree to accept the decision of the arbitrator as final and nobody has the right to appeal. Conversely, non-binding arbitration allows the parties to ask for a trial if they failed to accept the decision of the arbitrator (Spegel, 1994). Lastly, in the neutral evaluation, every party is given a chance to represent the dispute to an evaluator who is a neutral person. He gives his opinion on the weaknesses and strength of the case and how the disagreement can get resolved, but his opinion is not binding. Pros and Cons of ADR ADR are good because they are simple, faster, flexible and more efficient for scheduling litigation. Conversely, if the dispute needs a specialist, the parties can choose an arbitrator who has technical knowledge in that field, unlike in the court where a judge may be unfamiliar with such issues (Richard Stim, 2017). However, they also have the disadvantages. Under binding arbitration, no party is allowed to appeal unlike in the case of the court judgment. The case can only be revisited if a party can prove that the arbitrator was biased in his decision (Teo Aibinu, 2007). Unlike in the courts, the parties are not allowed to disclose the information about their cases to the other party. It means that there is no automatic discovery unless it is provided in the arbitration clause. Moreover, the cost of ADR is significantly high that in some cases they exceed the litigation costs. To conclude with, whether a contract is verbal or written it still binds the parties involved in it. Therefore, it is vital for the parties involved in contracts to perform as per the agreement they have entered. On the other hand, it is a significant thing for one know the contents of the contracts they getting into before agreeing to its terms. Moreover, it the right of both the seller and the buyer to terminate the contract for any breach of conditions in the contract and demand for damages as long as there is proof of the breach. References Adams, K. D., Zierdt, C. M. (2016).International Sales of Goods.Business Lawyer, 71(4), 1345-1356. Ai Lin Teo, E., Aibinu, A. A. (2007). Legal Framework for Alternative Dispute Resolution: Examination of the Singapore National Legal System for Arbitration. Journal Of Professional Issues In Engineering Education Practice, 133(2), 148-157. Campbell, D. (2015). Better than Fuller: A Two Interests Model of Remedies for Breach of Contract. Modern Law Review, 78(2), 296-323. Duhl, G. M. (2010). International Sale of Goods.Business Lawyer, 65(4), 1313-1324. Man, Y. (2016). The Resolution of Disputes before the Singapore International Commercial Court. International Comparative Law Quarterly, 65(2), 439-473. Martin, J. S. (2011). Sales.Business Lawyer, 66(4), 1083-1099. Richard Stim, A. (2017). Arbitration Clauses in Contracts.www.nolo.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/arbitration-clauses-contracts-32644.html Spegel, N. (1994). Alternative dispute resolution: A new era in dispute management?.Legaldate, 6(2), 1. SingaporeLaw.sg. (2015). Laws of Singapore Commercial Law Chapter 8. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-8 Yu, L. (1999). Chapter 8: Legal Environment. In , International Hospitality Business: Management Operations (pp. 193-214). Taylor Francis Ltd.